Jinnikins Jeans Formative Assignment Essay

The Assignment will be arranged in a business report format in regards to the evaluation of provided voice level for the staff at Jinnikins Jeans. This report will be in a very brief and efficient frame. The Jinnikins Jeans evaluation will take place by using relevant theories and models that is being covered in the lectures as well as some independent research. This will be in the form of books, journals, and some online sources in order to support the theories. I intend to open this report with clarifying how important it is for employees to have a voice in organization in general as well as stressing the fact that how maintaining a good level of voice within the organization can influence positively for the employees and could lead to growth of the company. The next step would be a brief overview of the Jinnikins Jeans case study and discuss how much they are maintaining the level of voice for employees in their business. Despite the fact that At Jinnikins Jeans the two brothers are making the main decisions, the commitment cycle model has been chosen. Because it allows to assess the impact of employees freedom voice range to the overall company’s success by using its 5 parts in the cycle. The next step of this report will focuses in more details on the motivational aspect of the employees in Jennekins base on the fact that George and Trevor are the only one who is making the decisions at the company by using two different theories as they will allow different ways of evaluation to the topic. This will encompass Hertzberg analysis and Vroom expectancy theory. Vroom expectancy theory has been chosen as it allows to discuss about the requirement of completion of 3 elements of motivational forces in relation to give voice to the employees at jinnikins. The report will argue about the fact how the brothers can understand employees interests when they are not giving enough voice to them in order to relate their interest to their final out come of their performance results and keeping them motivated. The Hertzberg analysis has been chosen as it makes it possible to analyse how the brothers reward method in order to motivate their employees really affect to their motivational level. Furthermore, The report will evaluate how giving the voice to employees in Jinnikins Jeans has effected to the overall performance and their motivation by counting in using Hertzberg theory. Throughout the report, references of academic books will be present. These will include the core and recommended references provided in the module guide. Furthermore, journal article will act as vital point of reference in order to evaluate Jinnikins Jeans in more details. The report will be referenced using Harvard style.

Business plan on milk company Essay

India is a state declared backward area and is eligible for various Fiscal incentives. In kuvadva, the land is cheaply and easily. Here, taxation is also less. Other favourable reasons for the selection to this particular location are as under: 1. Raw Material: Sufficient raw materials like Milk, Flavour, Water, etc. , are easily available. 2. Market: From the marketing point of view, we have a good and encouraging market for our product. There is a good demand available for Flavoured Milk. 3. Labour: We have got stable labour force and right type of labour in adequate numbers at reasonable wage rates. 4. Transportation: Being Rajkot a big city, we can easily have availed the transportation facilities. 5. Availability of Infra- Structure facilities: All infra structural facilities like water, electricity, telephone, etc. are very easily available. 6. Other facilities: Other large number of facilities can be available at this place such as subsidy, loans at cheaper rate, etc. PRODUCT INTRODUCTION AND MARKET ANALYSIS Dairy industry is of crucial importance to India. The country is the world’s largest milk producer, accounting for more than 13% of worlds total milk production. It is the world’s largest consumer of dairy products, consuming almost 100% of its own milk production. Dairy products are a major source of cheap and nutritious food to millions of people in India and the only acceptable source of animal protein for large vegetarian segment of Indian population, particularly among the landless, small and marginal farmers and women. Dairying has been considered as one of the activities aimed at alleviating the poverty and unemployment especially in the rural areas in the rain-fed and drought-prone regions. In India, about three-fourth of the population live in rural areas and about 38% of them are poor. The progress in this sector will result in a more balanced development of the rural economy. The importance of milk in human diet especially for children and expectant and nursing matters is vital. To meet the demand of the increasing population milk production in India has to be increased. It is neither possible nor desirable to increase the cattle and buffalo population to achieve this target. This can only be achieved by stepping up milk production of our bovine population by cross breeding of cows and use of improved cows and cow. Today, dairy cows are specialized to produce large volumes of milk. Specialist scale dairy farming is only viable where either a large amount of milk is required. Uses & Applications of Milk The term ‘milk’ refers to a heterogeneous mixture secreted by the healthy mammary glands containing fat, proteins and carbohydrates along with minerals and vitamins in the form of emulsion, colloidal suspension and true solution respectively in the continuous phase of water. In the other words milk may be defined as an emulsion of fat in a watery solution of sugar and mineral salts and with protein in a colloidal suspension. On storage of milk at some more temperature for some time, the acidity found increased to some extent and this increased acidity is known as Developed acidity. Milk is used as a food, Used as a complete food of infant, It is used to prepare curd, butter, ghee, cream and ice cream etc. , Milk is used in all homes, It is used in hotels and restaurants as milk food preparation and in the preparation of tea. Market Survey India is the world’s largest producer of dairy products by volume, accounting for more than 13% of world’s total milk production, and it also has the world’s largest dairy herd. The Indian Dairy sector acquired substantial growth momentum from 9th Plan onwards, achieving an annual output of 121. 8 (estimated) million tons of milk during 2010-11. This has not only placed the country on top in the world, but also represents sustained growth in the availability of milk and milk products for the growing population. The market is currently growing at round 5% pa in volume terms. There is an impressive level of processing i. e. 22% in organized sector. Major players in the dairy sector with dairy products include Gujarat Co-operative Milk Marketing Federation (GCMMF) and Nestle are the largest player. Other includes Milk food Limited, SmithKline Beecham Limited, Indodan Industries Limited, H. J. Heinz Limited, Britannia, Cadbury, etc. All other local dairy cooperatives have their local brands (For e. g. Gokul, Warana in Maharashtra, Saras in Rajasthan, Verka in Punjab, Vijaya in Andhra Pradesh, Aavin in Tamil Nadu, etc. ). Other private players include J K Dairy, Heritage Foods, Indiana Dairy, Dairy Specialties, etc. SOURCE OF RAW MATERIAL The one and only raw material on which the dairy plant functions is MILK. And as Gujarat has abundant livestock especially buffalo’s availability of the raw material is not a problem here. Fig. 1 Lower level or primary level milk producer’s co – operative make a collection of milk from member producers. Members’ producers are farmer owing cows of buffalos. They bring milk to primary level societies. The collection of milk through members’ producers standing in queue. An account of every member producer is maintained which contains the details regarding the fat content, quality and quantity of goods, time of collection and the payments due or outstanding. In case of quality of the co – operative must be alert so as to neglect. The collection of source milk and substandard milk. For pricing collected milk importance is given to quality. The milks’ prices are based on FAT and SNF. I. e. sold non-fat contents. It needs to consider the bacteria population in the milk for raw material paying milk price. Payment is done on daily or monthly bases depending upon co – operative policy and members’ preference. This milk is proportionately distributed and brought to milk processing plant. MACHINERIES 1. PASTEURIZER: Fig. 2 The pasteurizer consists of plate heat exchanger, balance tank, pump, hot water circulation system (including mixer of steam and water, hot water pump, steam adjusting valve and water level control) and computer system for pasteurisation program, CIP program, and temperature control. It is used in heating and cooling raw material. The pasteurizer is usually used in the process of milk, ice-cream, milk powder, fruit juice, and beverage, which is sensitive to heat. The material is pumped to the plate heat exchanger, then undergone preheating, holding, heat energy recover and cooling, which can keep the products original physical nature and taste. If the temperature is below the set degree, this is sensed by a temperature transmitter. A signal activates flow diversion valve and the material flows back to the balance tank, then the material is pasteurized again. The state of the pasteurization temperature is recorded on a disc of the recorder in process of pasteurization. 2. POLLY FILL MACHINE: The Polly fill machine helps to pack the milk into the achieves their bottles of various sizes. One such machine can pack 100 bottles of milk in one single minute. Fig. 3 PRODUCTION PROCESS Milk is processed through a process called pasteurization. In the process of pasteurization, the milk product is actually heated. The milk is heated in order to kill any bacteria that may be within the milk still. After the milk is pasteurized and all bacteria are killed off, the milk is then cooled and packaged and then shipped out to stores. Diagram 1 Dairy cattle are brought in twice a day and milked. Fig. 4 The cattle on this farm are fitted with microchip collars that register each individual cow as she enters the milking shed. This microchip identification allows the production figures to be collected & collated by computer for each cow. Each cow has its complete production for each location. Fig. 5 After milking, the milk is cooled and stored in refrigerated vats at four degrees Celsius until collected by the milk tanker. Milk is collected once a day. The tanker driver carries out preliminary tests to the milk, checking its smell, taste and that it has been refrigerated to four degrees Celsius. The failure to store at less than four degrees Celsius can result in the milk being bought at a reduced price or not at all. It is extremely important that milk remains refrigerated at all times to maintain product freshness. Because milk is a nutritious food, any bacteria that are present in milk will grow and multiply rapidly, particularly if the milk is not refrigerated. Fig. 6Fig. 7 At the milk factory the milk is pumped into holding tanks where it is held until the results of tests that are routinely carried out are known. These tests include: somatic cell counts, total plate count, butterfat percentage and protein percentage. The results of these tests help determine the price paid by the milk factory to the farmer. Fig. 8 PRODUCTION CAPACITY. Office equipment30,000 †¢TOTAL FIXED CAPITAL:Table no. 10 Sr. No. ParticularsTotal Value 1. Land37,00,000 2. Building17,50,000 3. Machinery and Equipment 9,35,000 4. Furniture 1,20,000 5. Office equipment 30,000 Total65,35,000 †¢TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL:Table no. 11 Sr. No. ParticularsTotal Value ( 1 month) RsTotal Value ( 3 month) Rs 1. Raw Materials9,08,00027,24,000 2. Salary and Wages 50,100 1,50,300 3. Utilities 14,000 42,000 4. Other expenses 14,000 42,000 Total9,86,10029,58,300 †¢TOTAL COST OF PROJECTTable no. 12 Sr. No. ParticularsTotal Value Rs. 1. Total Fixed Capital65,35,000 2. Total Working Capital ( For 3 Months)29,58,300. Total94,93,300 FINANCIAL ARRANGEMENT †¢SOURCES OF FINANCETable no. 13 Sr. no. ParticularsAmount Rs. Total Amount Rs 1. Promoter’s Contribution (71. 91% of total Capital required)68,26,300 2. Borrowed Capital(28. 09% of total Capital required) 12% of GSFC (50% of borrowed Capital) 12% of IDBI (50% of borrowed Capital) 13,33,500 13,33,500 26,67,000 Total94,93,300 †¢INTEREST ON CAPITALTable no. 14 Sr. no. ParticularsInterest RateTotal Value Rs. 1. GSFC Loan12%1,60,020 2. IDBI Loan12%1,60,020 3. Own Contribution9%6,14,367 Total9,34,407 PROFITIBILTY OF THE PROJECT (PER MONTH) †¢COST OF PRODUCTIONTable no. 15. Particulars1st year (60% Prod. Capacity)2nd year (80% Prod. Capacity)3rd year (100% Prod. Capacity) Variable Cost Raw material Wages Other expenses Utility 1,08,96,000 2,11,200 84,000 1,68,000 1,45,28,000 2,81,600 1,12,000 2,24,000 1,81,60,000 3,52,000 1,40,000 2,80,000 Total Variable Cost1,13,59,2001,51,45,6001,89,32,000 Fixed Cost Salary to Staff Depreciation Total interest paid Other expenses (50% of Office & Admin. Expenses) 3,90,000 4,31,250 9,34,407 84,000 3,90,000 3,51,938 12,45,876 84,000 3,90,000 2,89,490 15,57,345 84,000 Total Fixed Cost32,76,657 32,89,73833,59,912 Total Cost1,46,35,8571,84,35,3382,22,91,912. †¢COST SHEETTable no. 16 Particulars1st year2nd year3rd year Raw Material Consumed Opening stock of R. M Add: Purchase of R. M. Less: Closing stock of R. M. – 1,08,96,000 – — 1,45,28,000 – — 1,81,60,000 – – Cost of Raw Material1,08,96,0001,45,28,0001,81,60,000 Add: Direct wages Utility Total2,11,200 1,68,000 3,79,2002,81,600 2,24,000 5,05,6003,52,000 2,80,000 6,32,000 Prime Cost1,12,75,2001,50,33,6001,87,92,000 Factory Overheads: Repairs and maintenance Supervisor Production manager Depreciation on Building Depreciation on Machinery 18,000 72,000 84,000 1,75,000 2,33,750 21,000 72,000 84,000 1,57,500 1,75,312. 24,000 72,000 84,000 1,41,750 1,31,484 Factory Cost5,82,7505,09,8124,53,234 Administrative Expense SALARY TO: Manager A / C Clerk Peon Watchman Depreciation Interest on borrowed loan 84,000 36,000 18,000 8,400 12,000 22,500 3,20,040 84,000 36,000 18,000 8,400 12,000 18,825 2,74,320 84,000 36,000 18,000 8,400 12,000 16,256 2,28,600 Administrative Cost5,00,9404,51,5454,03,256 Cost of Production1,23,58,8901,59,94,9571,96,48,490 Add: Op. stock of Finished goods Less: Cl. Stock of Finished goods- 1,10,0311,10,031 1,35,0541,35,054 1,91,740 Cost of Goods Sold1,10,0312,45,0853,26,794 Sales and Distribution expenses. Salary to Sales Manager Transportation Expenses Advertising & Publicity Expenses Sales Expenses 84,000 14,400 60,000 14,400 84,000 19,200 80,000 19,200 84,000 24,000 1,00,000 24,000 Total1,72,8002,02,4002,32,000 COST OF SALES1,24,21,6591,60,37,6421,97,43,284 SALES1,45,30,6441,94,85,1642,43,30,412 PROFIT21,08,98534,47,52245,87,128 †¢RAW MATERIAL:Table no. 17 Sr. no. Raw materialQuantityRateTotal amount Rs. 1. Milk60,000 liters40 per liter2,40,000 2. Bottles1,60,0005 per bottle6,50,000 3. Bottle caps60 cartons(3000 caps each)300 per carton18,000 Total9,08,000 †¢STAFF AND LABOUR SALARY AND WAGES:Table no. 18 Sr. No. ParticularsNo. of PersonTotal Value Rs. 1. Admin staff330,800 2. Skilled Worker49,000 3. Unskilled Worker810,300 Total 50,100 †¢UTILITIES:Table no. 19 Sr. No. ParticularsTotal Value Rs. 1. Power12000 2. Water2000 Total14000 †¢INTEREST ON CAPITALTable no. 20 Sr. no. ParticularsInterest RateTotal Value Rs. 1. GSFC Loan12%1,60,020 2. IDBI Loan12%1,60,020 3. Own Contribution9%6,14,367 Total9,34,407 †¢REPAYMENT OF BORROWED LOANTable no. 21 Particulars1st year2nd year3rd year4th year5th year6th year7th year Total Loan (26,67,000)26,67,00022,86,00019,05,00015,24,00011,43,0007,62,0003,81,000 Less: Installment3,81,0003,81,0003,81,0003,81,0003,81,0003,81,0003,81,000 Closing Balance22,86,00019,05,00015,24,00011,43,0007,62,0003,81,000NIL Total Interest on Borrowed Loan 3,20,040 2,74,320 2,28,600 1,82,880 1,37,160 91,440 45,760 †¢DEPRECIATION SCHEDULETable no. 22 Sr. No. Particulars1st year2nd year3rd year 1. Building (10%) Less: Depreciation Closing Balance17,50,000 1,75,000 15,75,00015,75,000 1,57,500 14,17,50014,17,500 1,41,750 12,75,750 2. Machinery (25%) Less: Depreciation Closing Balance9,35,000 2,33,750 7,01,2507,01,250 1,75,313 5,25,9375,25,937 1,31,484 3,94,453 3. Furniture (15%) Less: Depreciation Closing Balance1,20,000. 18,000 1,02,0001,02,000 15,300 86,70086,700 13,005 73,695 4. Office and Equipment (15%) Less: Depreciation Closing Balance30,000 4,500 25,50025,500 3,825 21,67521,675 3,251 18,424 †¢OTHER EXPENSES:Table no. 23 Sr. No. ParticularsTotal Value Rs. 1. Postage and stationery1000 2. Repair and Maintenance1500 3. Advertising and Publicity5000 4. Transport Charges1200 5. Insurance and Taxes2000 6. Sales Expenses1200 7. Telephone Expenses1500 8. Miscellaneous Expenditure600 Total14000 OPERATING STATEMENT Table no. 24 Particulars 60%80%100% Sales (A)1,45,30,6441,94,85,1642,43,30,412 Cost Of Production Raw Material Utility Wages Total Cost. ADD: Opening Stock of Finished goods LESS: Closing Stock of Finished goods Total Operating Cost (B) 1,08,96,000 1,68,000 2,11,200 1,12,75,200 – 1,10,031 1,11,65,169 1,45,28,000 2,24,000 2,81,600 1,50,33,600 1,10,031 1,35,054 1,50,08,577 1,81,60,000 2,80,000 3,52,000 1,87,92,000 1,35,054 1,91,740 1,87,35,314 GROSS PROFIT (A – B = C) 33,65,475 44,76,587 55,95,098 Indirect Expense: Other Expense (Fixed) (Variable) Salary to staff Depreciation Total Indirect expense (D) 84,000 84,000 3,90,000 4,31,250 24,85,750 84,000 1,12,000 3,90,000 3,51,938 22,09,412 84,000 1,40,000 3,90,000 2,41,295 19,90,762 EBIT (C –D = E)8,79,72522,67,17536,04,336. Interest on own Capital Interest on Borrowed Loan Total Interest (F)6,14,367 3,20,040 9,34,407 6,14,367 4,26,720 10,41,087 6,14,367 5,33,400 11,47,767 EBT (E – F = G)(-) 54,68212,26,08824,56,569 LESS: Tax (40%)————4,90,4359,82,628 EATNIL7,35,65314,73,941 RATIO ANALYSIS PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS RETURN ON INVESTEMENT = EBIT x 100 Total Capital Investment (For the 1st year) = 8, 79,725 x 100 53, 34,000 = 9. 27% (For the 2nd year)= 22, 67,175 X 100 94, 93,300 = 23. 88% (For the 3rd year)= 36, 04,336 X 100 94, 93,300 = 37. 97% COST OF CAPITAL= Int. on own capital + Int. on borrowed capital x 100 Capital employed. (For the 1st year)= 5, 60,070 x 100 53, 34,000 = 10. 50% (For the 2nd year)=8, 33,394 x 100 94, 93,300 =8. 78% (For the 3rd year)=7, 37,357 x 100 94, 93,300 =7. 77% GROSS PROFIT RATIO = Gross Profit x 100 Total Sales (For the 1st year)= 33, 65,475 x 100 1, 45, 30,644 = 29. 59% (For the 2nd year)=44, 76,587 x 100 1, 94, 85,167 =22. 97% (For the 3rd year)=55, 95,098 x 100 2, 43, 40,412 =23% NET PROFIT RATIO= Net Profit x 100 Total Sales (For the 1st year)= 14, 41,818 x 100 1, 45, 30,644 =9. 92% (For the 2nd year)=26, 49,962 x 100 1, 94, 85, 164 =13. 60% (For the 3rd year)=38, 48,641 x 100 2, 43, 30,412 =15. 82% BEP ANALYSIS. BEP (In Units) = Fixed Cost Contribution (For the 1st year)=32, 76,657 8. 73 = 3, 75,333 units (For the 2nd year)=32, 89,738 2. 15 =15, 30,111 units (For the 3rd year)=33, 59,912 8. 88 =3, 78,368 units BEP (In Rs. ) = BEP in Units x Selling Price (For the 1st year) = 3, 75,333 x 40 = 1, 50, 13,320 (For the 2nd year)=15, 30,111 x 40 =6, 12, 04,440 (For the 3rd year)=3, 78,368 x 40 =1, 51, 34,720 PROFIT & LOSS A/C Table no. 25 Particulars1st year2nd year3rd year Income Sales ADD: Closing Stock Total of Income 1,45,30,644 1,10,031 1,16,40,675 1,94,85,164 1,35,054 1,96,20,218 2,43,30,412 1,91,740 2,45,22,152 Expenditure Opening Stock. ADD: Purchase of R. M. Utility Wages Total of Expenditure – 1,08,96,000 1,68,000 2,11,200 1,12,75,200 1,10,031 1,45,28,000 2,24,000 2,81,600 1,51,43,631 1,35,054 1,81,60,000 2,80,000 3,52,000 1,89,27,050 GROSS PROFIT33,65,47544,76,58755,95,098 Other Expense Other exp. (Fixed) (Variable) Salary Depreciation Int. on own Capital Int. on borrowed Capital Total 84,000 84,000 3,90,000 4,31,250 6,14,367 3,20,040 19,23,657 84,000 1,12,000 3,90,000 3,51,938 6,14,367 2,74,320 18,26,625 84,000 1,40,000 3,90,000 2,41,000 6,14,367 2,28,600 17,46,457 NET PBT14,41,81826,49,96238,48,641 BALANCE SHEET (1st year) Table no. 26 ParticularsAmount (Rs.)Amount (Rs. ) Liabilities Promoter’s Capital Borrowed Loan IDBI 13,33,500 GSFC 13,33,500 Profit and Loss A/C Total Liabilities 68,26,300 26,67,000 14,41,818 1,09,35,118 Assets Gross Block (Less: Depreciation) Debtor Cash on Hand Closing Stock Total Assets 24,03,750 18,85,336 65,36,001 1,10,031 1,09,35,118 BALANCE SHEET (2st year)Table no. 27 ParticularsAmount (Rs. )Amount (Rs. ) Liabilities Promoter’s Capital Borrowed Loan IDBI 13,33,500 GSFC 13,33,500 Profit and Loss A/C Total Liabilities 68,26,300 26,67,000 26,49,962 1,21,43,262 Assets Gross Block (Less: Depreciation) Debtor Cash on Hand Closing Stock Total Assets 20,51,812. 24,89,099 74,67,297 1,35,054 1,21,43,262 BALANCE SHEET (3st year)Table no. 28 ParticularsAmount (Rs. )Amount (Rs. ) Liabilities Promoter’s Capital Borrowed Loan IDBI 13,33,500 GSFC 13,33,500 Profit and Loss A/C Total Liabilities 68,26,300 26,67,000 38,48,641 1,33,41,941 Assets Gross Block (Less: Depreciation) Debtor Cash on Hand Closing Stock Total Assets 17,62,322 28,46,970 85,40,909 1,91,740 1,33,41,941 INTRODUCTION Lawrence Apply wrote, management is the development of the people and not the direction of things. Employees hold a key place in business. No business enterprise can exist and function without employees. The plan of the business may be perfect and also structure of the organisation may be perfect but if the recruitment of personals is unscientific, the business can’t gown. Milk sense pvt. Ltd. will enrich with technically sound and convicted manpower. The average age of the employees will be 23 years, their total appears will be 500, and their technical strength will be approximately 170, staff strength of the Dairy will be 110 and trainee workers will be approximately 230, Development and empowerment is the trait of the H. R. D. functions. The trainer and workers get hostel facilities and other benefits. BATCHES AND FACILITIES. Milk sense will run 2 shifts and the employers are distributed to fulfil the requirement. 1st sift runs from 8. 00A. M to 8. 00 P. M 2ed sift runs from 8. 00P. M to 8. 00 A. M Besides these the employees will be given many benefits like: 1. Uniform change room 2. A good canteen facility 3. Bonus 4. Transportation Facilities etc. 1. Uniform change room In milk sense pvt. Ltd. Workers will be provided with a changing room because workers will have to work with a food product hence the milk should be pure and germ free for those workers will have to change their cloths before starting their respective work. 2. Canteen Facility. One canteens functioning at site, where Breakfast / snacks are available in the morning hour and lunch from 12:00p. m. To 2:30p. m. at fixed charges. Tea, coffee etc. will be served in the office two times in the morning hours and once in the afternoon. 3. Bonus During festival season and at time of high profits the company will give bonus to their workers and employees. 4. Transport facility The company provides free bus services to commute and from all corners of Rajkot, kuvadva. TRAINING PROGRAMME AND WORKSHOP The Hosiery training centre Ahmedabad trains operating and maintenance of staff in the Dairy and food industries. Technical facilities at the institute were augmented during the year to meet the needs of co-operatives and private sector industries 260 participants attended various courses at the institute during the year. Milk sense’s personnel department will involve activities such as, †¢To recruit and select the very best candidates available for each vacancy. †¢Develop personal performance through improvement processes, which contributes to the overall growth of the employees and workers. †¢To create effective, need – based, future – ready, flexible salary and wages systems. †¢To create and keep record of each employee and worker. SALARY AND QUALIFICATION Minimum Salary to the workers in the dairy is Rs. 100 per day besides this they are provided provident facility. They are given wages as per the factory act. Qualification:- All the employees of the milk sense pvt. Ltd. will have to get the qualification of ITI or graduation. PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL Performance Appraisal is a system evaluation of a works performance and potential for development. The overall objective of performance official duties is importance the efficiency of an enterprise by attempting to mobilize the best possible efforts from individual employed in it. The salary reviews, the development and training of individuals, planning, job ration, each and every firm has its own method to evaluate this performance. In Our Company we also measure the skills, ability, performance, important function of personnel management, which helps them to make important decision like training and development, promotion, transfer etc. In a company the head prepares performance of any candidate’s confidential report and it is presented to his highest authority. This report is managed to any candidate to transfer, promotion etc. INTRODUCTION Marketing is a very vital function of any industries. To reach high profits. Every company has to handle its marketing function with care. As the whole world is turning in to a global market marketing function is getting more important in every company. The term marketing is changing in the word. If the market does a good job understanding Consumer need develops product that provide superior value and price distributes and promoters then officially According to E. W. cundiff and R. R. still, â€Å"marketing management is concerned with the direction of purposeful activities towards the attainment of marketing goals. † The basic goal of marketing is satisfaction of needs of customers and generation of revenue for the business purpose. ? GENERAL INFORMATION In MILK SENSE PVT. LTD. marketing will be a basic activity for the total business it is market which sells and distributes products to the people who need them at a place they want at a time they require and at a price, they are prepared to pay of late marketing department. Milk sense will have attracted the increasing attention from companies and nations because it provides good quality of product. Milk sense also provides enough quantity with the respect to price Density price channel of distribution etc. are all made on the basis of the information picked up from the market through constant & systematic research. MARKETING MIX According to Ferrel, Lucas and Luck a product, with the target Market as focal point, serves as the starting point for the development of a marketing mix strategy and forms the basis for all other decisions regarding distribution, promotion and price. Decisions relating to the development and marketing of products include amongst others, decisions about product attributes, branding, packaging and labeling. Milk is classified as a consumer good rather than a business good. It can further be defined as a convenience good in that the customer is supposed to have complete knowledge of the product before purchasing it, and because it is also purchased with minimum effort. It is important that milk, as a convenience good, be readily available when and where the consumer needs to purchase it. PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE: The declining consumption of milk has become an international phenomenon. The consumption of soft drinks has tripled in this period, making them the most popular beverage, while milk is ranked fourth after coffee and tea. PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT: New product development should also take consumer trends into account, such as consumers of milk becoming more health conscious. Labels with ‘fat free’ and ‘cholesterol free’ are turning into the selling points of the future. Milk marketers are aware that consumers perceive milk as being fattening, so emphasis should be placed on giving customers the correct information. This is as easy as printing more information on the bottle labels. Low fat fresh milk is sold as containing 2 percent fat, while full cream milk has merely 1 percent more fat than the 2 percent milk. There is an increasing need for more information to be printed on labels. An example of such a segment is the diabetic consumers. The diabetic market is untouched, while numbers of diabetic consumers are increasing. It is apparent that full cream milk is generally prohibited in most diet schedules, while skimmed milk may be consumed in limited quantities. It is important for dairy researchers and decision makers to note that consumers are requiring more dietary information, and consumption may increase if details of the product are provided. PACKAGING: Most of the dairies selected for the study use a ‘family’ packaging strategy, which means that all products in the range are almost identically packed or have an important packaging characteristic in common. Packaging, however, has many functions. The most important functions of packaging are to contain the liquid, promote milk and provide storage. Another function which is becoming increasingly important today, is the recyclability of the package used. Companies are becoming more ‘environment friendly’ by using a recyclable package, which should result in less waste. Wholesalers and retailers prefer packages that are easy to ship, store and to pack. Consumers, however, look for items that are easy to handle, open and close. Towrope, for example, launched a screw top 1 liters bottle of milk. The consumer can therefore easily open or close this container, whilst freshness is maintained by preventing the milk from absorbing other odors. PRICE: While one price for milk is for example set for all final consumers, different consumers attach different meanings to the price they pay for a product. The consumer’s aim is to spend his/her income in a way that will afford him/her maximum satisfaction. Most dairy companies have price margins in which to deal. Milk being a basic food, has a low profit margin of around ten to fifteen percent. The dairy industry probably has to familiarize the consumer with an acceptable price of milk, such as 40 RS. Per liters and maintain that price. CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR India’s dairy market is multi-layered. It’s shaped like a pyramid with the base made up of a vast market for low-cost milk. Consumers while purchasing dairy products look for freshness, quality, taste and texture, variety and convenience. Presently, barely 778 out of 3,700 cities and, towns are served by its milk distribution network, dispensing hygienically packed wholesome, quality pasteurized milk. According to one estimate, the packed milk segment would double in the next five years, giving both strength and volume to the modem sector. The narrow tip at the top is a small but affluent market for western type milk products. Of the three A’s of marketing – Availability, Acceptability and Affordability, Indian dairying is already endowed with the first two. People in India love to drink milk. Hence, no efforts are needed to make it acceptable. Its availability is not a limitation either, because of the ample scope for increasing milk production, given the prevailing low yields from dairy cattle. It leaves the third vital marketing factor affordability. How to make milk affordable for the large majority with limited purchasing power is essence of the challenge. One practical way is to pack milk in small quantities of 250 ml or less in polythene sachets. Already, the glass bottle for retailing milk has given way to single-use sachets which are more economical. Another viable alternative is to sell small quantities of milk powder in mini-sachets, adequate for two cups of tea or coffee. ADVERTISING As an entrepreneur in the milk industry milk sense first of will start its advertisement by providing free sample and giving advertisement in magazines and standard newspapers like â€Å"TIMES OF INDIA†. Fig. 9 An identified Sponsor can define advertising as a mass promotion of goods & services. As per many classical writer of management says â€Å"Effective Advertisement makes selling task half†. After a little success Milk sense will adopt the same strategy but in rigorous manner. The product of milk sense will be published on very popular T. V channels like â€Å"National Channels†, Zee T. V. † â€Å"SONY â€Å", â€Å"STAR PLUS† etc. Generally T. V. channels are most popular and suitable medium of such advertisement. DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL. The distribution of fresh milk, being a perishable product with a limited shelf life of about 3 days, needs careful planning. It is important that all milk packages have a sell-by date printed on the product. This is an indication to the customer of the product’s freshness. If milk is uniformly priced, many customers consider their choice of purchase by checking the shelf life of the milk. Shelf life has become an important product benefit, which is associated with freshness. As competitive pricing strategies may urge customers to look for other benefits besides price, branding and ‘freshness’ become important.

Centers Disease Control and Prevention †Free Samples to Students

HIV is considered as one of the challenges to the life of human and dignity. It gives direct impact on the levels of society and also gives impact on the global economic and social development. It is a virus that directly attacks the immune system. The virus gives negative impact on the white blood cell in the immune system named as T helper cell and makes many copies of it inside the cells. The biomedical concept is taken into consideration and it remains as a dominant concept related with health. It states that the body is a machine that comprises of various parts working together. If one part is not functioning properly, then proper diagnosis takes place and it is healed by taking medicines prescribed by a doctor. Pharmacology is considered as a treatment that is beneficial in the treatment of HIV. It is assessed that to promote biomedical, the alternatives approaches are taken into consideration to heal the problem of an individual. The biomedical approach can be unsuitable for some communities and also it generates the feeling of helplessness and gives impact on the success of the interventions. The concept that is related to health and illness are diverse and also complex as compared to the medical model. It gives the main emphasis on the health of an individual and also it is related to the complete life experiences that are concerned with local and cultural structures. But the biomedical approach heals the whole person by connecting the illness of an individual with the person's social and economic background. The critics are evaluated of this model that the concept is very difficult to analyze and also it remains marginalized and also less recognized. On the contrary, Taylor (2003) states that lay perspective is considered as an important knowledge for the health of the p ublic as it searches the root of illness for giving treatment to a large population if the comparison is made with the individual focused interventions. The medical model creates hindrance in enhancing and creating prevention of the diseases like HIV (Wouters et al. (2016). In the theory of Goffman (1990), it assists to understand that how the stigma is built and how it influences the lives of the people that create the boundaries between those in power and those do not have the power   (Attell,2013). By the power the social inequality is created that lead to creation of social norms. The stigma is formulated that helps to interact with people and also power structure that helps to maintain control of the powerless. Both the theories are taken into consideration in HIV and are concerned to showcase that how negative attitude, abuse are directed towards PLWHA have given direct impact on the progress of treatment and prevention (Ngo et al., 2013). The investigation has highlighted that stigma in health care settings are taken from social power imbalances that give contribution to keep the people away from the treatment of HIV. Also, the patients feel sad and disappointed when they analyzed that the health workers are feeling uncomfortable and also giving treatment in an inferior manner (Rodger et al., 2014).   In Tanzania, there are many discriminatory practices like talking about the HIV status, neglect and also discloses the information without the consent of the patients. Also, it is evaluated that in many countries the health workers disclose the status of HIV patients to their families without giving information to the patients. In most of the studies, harassment and also avoiding the patients who are suffering from HIV positive are the common features that are analyzed. There are many health workers who used protective clothing even when there is no physical interaction at the time of interactions (Matheson et al., 201 3). The literature on HIV and also to access the health services is negative as the evidence is evaluated and also the HIV services were de stigmatizing in various parts of the globe.   Brazil has also taken into consideration the model by PLWHA. For them, it is the supportive structural system that enhances healthy environments and promotes the participation of various groups in the society and also in the government. In South Africa, many people rely on traditional healing. In the prevention of HIV, Aids Activism plays a great role by converting the biomedical approach in the framework of ideologies (Earnshaw et al., 2013). The literature states that for effective control of HIV it is important to have collaboration between lay perspectives and biomedical approach. It is also evaluated that there is no cure for AIDS but it can enhance the life by reducing the level of HIV in the body, it delays the process between the HIV and AIDS. According to the World Bank, There are 60 million people who are living with HIV globally. Also, the treatment has enhanced but as it is analyzed that for every 100 people on treatment, 250 people get infected. The people are only trusting biomedical approach for treatment and care of HIV (Katz et al., 2013). By analyzing the UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic 2010, it is seen that in total 7 countries the HIV has enhanced by 25 percent between 2001 and 2009. Sub Saharan Africa, is considered as the area that is highly affected by the epidemic and also it shows the signs in reducing the positive behavior due to the enhancement of the services that are related to the local culture (Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS & UNICEF, 2010).The challenges that are given by HIV to the global public health are, the Baum says collective participation fight can be conducted against the disease.   She stated that the community level mobilization is when there is an effective partnership between the structure and the lay people (Campbell & Foulis, 2004).   This is then supported by the farmer who does not consider the dominance of biomedical in health and healing (Norris et al., 2014). He considers that the lay people have an important role in the health improvements and also gives focus on the significance of understanding the experience of lay people for conducting successful interventions. He showed that the health care services should be easily visible to PLWHA .Also; the professional of healthcare should give knowledge about the impact of stigma on patients and policies that enhances inclusion of PLWHA in decisions that gives direct impact on the lives (Wu & Li, 2013). Parker and Aggleton, (2003) also stated that collective participation between the lay people and health structures plays as a successful anti-stigma services (Parker & Aggleton, 2003). It is evaluated that the health structure and PLWHA can be enhanced by involving lay people through advocacy. If the involvement is high of PLWHA, then the focus is given on the principle of PLWA because the situation can be analyzed in an effective manner (Li et al., 2015).     Also, the voices can listen if the needs are showcased by people in the same situation. In the study of Zambia, it is seen that the professionals who are living with HIV are in the position to sponsor for the people who access the services. Baum states that the advocacy consists of public health a practitioner who gives direct influence on the barriers in the health of the public. Literature also states that the concept of health and healing helps to access the services that give treatment and prevention from AIDS (Herek et al., 2013).The biomedical approach is related to the concept of health and illness through science and expertise by giving emphasis on the individual. The lay concept considers health and healing as surrounded by the local, social and cultural structures and also it considers the public health for a wide population. The literature also advises the approach is effective in the prevention of HIV. The arguments give significance on collaborating the models. So there is the need of the intervention programmers so that holistic approach can be developed and also proper understanding should be taken into consideration (World Health Organization, 2016). Before the identification of HIV as the causative agent of AIDS, the principal mode that is considered in the transmission was through the contaminated blood. There are 13,000 cases of AIDS that have occurred among hemophiliacs in the United States. There are two reasons due to which the risk categories are reduced, screening of blood and also to prevent the individual from donating the blood. It is also analyzed that HIV is transmitted through the maternal blood that enters by the circulation of fetal circulation virus at the time of labor and delivery. The postnatal HIV infection can take place via breastfeeding and also include 14 percent of the HIV infections at the time of delivery. The virus can easily enter the body through infected cells. The transmission mode considers the initial cells that encounter virus. Indication suggests that in the sexual transmission   1 variant of HIV Can reduce the frequency in order to pass to the recipient (Brown et al.,   2016). HIV is enhancing in context with the socioeconomic problem. There are many factors that cause poverty, cultural aspects and also it is essential for the rapid and global development of AIDS epidemic. It is a virus that is caused due to the deficiency in the human. It is important to have a proper scientific knowledge that is essential to prevent AIDS. The progress is made in which micro bides are developed and also there is anti-infective medication that is formulated to prevent HIV. It is also important that the development should be supported by the education campaigns that geared women perspective to safeguard themselves and their children from the transmission of HIV (Yusuf et al., 2015).   It is significant that the vaccine development should take place in a proper manner. In the recent scenario, the environmental awareness has attained the attention of the public. The influence is also put on the environmental factors like weather, personal attitudes and also on policies that have infected the life of the persons. In the idea of a vaccine, the edible tissue of transgenic crop plants has also achieved a great success (Emlet et al., 2015).It has a negative impact on the economies of many countries. The magnitude of the demographic and economic impact is reducing the health gains that are made in the last few decades. People with HIV create a burden on the public finance and the major impact was on the health sector. The impact of HIV is on the individuals and also on their families. There are many cases that have resulted in the loss of the income and also enhanced expenditure. The families that are affected by HIV reduce the savings and assets so that the expenditure and income shocks can be attained (Siegel et al., 2015).   It has also reduced the profits and labor productivity due to the enhancement in the AIDS expenditure. ILO evaluates th at thirty-seven million people globally are involved in the productive economic activities are HIV positive. It has also given impact on employment, relationships and also on the social reactions of the community members. HIV has also given impact on the parenthood. It is stated that 70 percent of the parents who are HIV infected taken into consideration that their family planning is over, as it is not possible to bear any more child (Masur et al., 2014).   The children suffering from HIV have a high risk of death and also the direct impact is given on the psychology of the children. The study states that genetic measurements should be straightforward and should also measure the environmental exposure. There are various challenges to overcome the environmental factors. The multivariate models require validation both internally and externally.   The research also investigated that the social and health factor that is related to the HIV infection. If there is a higher rate of prevalence and also the availability is easy of the physicians then the prevention can be made easily by the HIV. If there is a high rate of an adolescent fertility rate that can easily enhance the epidemic. It is also evaluated that HIV gives impact on the family, community, and country (Bennett et al., 2014). It is analyzed that in the countries of central Asia the HIV is enhancing globally, and also it has been driven by injecting drug use. There are various approaches that give support to children who are affected by HIV. It gives direct and indirect impact on the rights of children and also the consequences of the impact can be minimized if the qualities of health and education services are accessed. There are four major principles related to the rights of children: The right to survive and also to protect from the neglection and from abuse, the right to listen and to raise the voice and also the right related to freedom from discrimination. Right based programming is also related to prevention, care, protection and impact mitigation. It focuses on promoting the participation of the children in implementing the HIV programmes (Okoror et al., 2014). The global strategy is taken into consideration so that the guidance can be attained for the orphans and also for the infected children by HIV. The strategies that are analyzed have the aim to: Enhance the capacity of the families so that the protection and care can be given to orphans and to the infected children. It also ensures that the essential services should be given to the orphan and infected children that consist of education and health. It is also analyzed that awareness is essential for creating a supportive environment for the children and also for families who are directly affected by HIV. The strategies are considered as an important aspect that is required for effective care and support (Insight Start Study Group, 2015). There are various policies and practices that have given significant improvement in the lives of the affected children. It consists of policies and laws that hold the property rights of the orphan. The school education is given for free with the subsidiary and the good governance is supported and promoted. Government programs play a significant role in assisting care for people with HIV but it is evaluated that there are some limitations. The limitations are: Some people do not consider the early therapy because of some rules related to eligibility. The goals and the standards of HIV are related to the primary care so that the disease can be monitored and also effective therapy that is based on the clinical indicator for the progression of disease (Cohen et al., 2016). The majority of funds are provided in context with the Care act that is distributed with the community input. The care Act gives emphasis on the role of planning and also in decision making with the involvement of the community and also it meets the needs of HIV. Congress also considered the unmet needs of the communities. In 1999, Congress has given funds to assist a minority HIV people. The main aim of the member of the community is to give a response to the HIV Epidemic (Oni & Unwin, 2015). The congressional Black caucus also played a significant role in creating the initiatives and also to consider the priority of funding. Medicaid is one of the public programs that give drug coverage. Under this, the drug is considered as an optional service that should be provided by the state. There are very important variations to cover the policies from state to state and also to limit the number of prescriptions that are given and filled each month (Breet et al., 2014).   In many states, an individual who is disabled and eligible for the income-related with supplemental income qualifies for Medicaid. The SSI is an income support program that is conducted by the social security administration for low-income group. The program that is related to social security disability gives income support payments to the workers who are considered as disabled. The state gives an offer of providing full Medicaid benefit to the individuals that consist of disabilities and also the income that is more than the income level. The state also considers a certain amount to disregard and also gives focus on determining the eligibility criteria of Medicaid (Deeks et al., 2013). The high ability of the policy refers to collect, analyze and also to use the data and the result of health policy that helps to implement in an effective manner. HPP give strength to the governments, individuals and also to the society to frame the policy to develop and implement to give a boost to the national efforts related to HIV. The biological, behavioral and also structural plays a great role and also there is a higher risk for HIV transmission rather than for other individuals (Hanson et al., 2014). So, it is analyzed that there are many individuals who are affected by the virus. The direct impact is on contracting and also living with the virus is a great challenge for the individual. The direct impact is considered by analyzing the effectiveness of the management program and also it is related to the prevention of new infections. The main challenge is to encourage HIV testing by considering the risk groups and the care should be given who are living with HIV. It is essential to take corrective steps and also to consider prevention methods so that it cannot be spread easily. At the time of prevention, it is essential that physical and psychosocial impact should be taken into consideration of the virus. The policies and procedures should consider the wants of the individuals, families and of the community so that the impact on the various sectors can be addressed properly. Also, it is evaluated that the biomedical and lay perspective approach helps to prevent HIV and also enhanc es the benefits. The holistic approach should be considered that collaborates the model of HIV. It gives impact on lot of the lives of an individual and also through the collective action of the society and also by the national support it can be controlled. Attell,B.K.(2013). Social contact theory: A framework for understanding Aids related stigma. The journal of public and professional Sociology.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bennett, J. E., Dolin, R., &Blaser, M. J. (2014).  Principles and practice of infectious diseases (8 th ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. Breet, E., Kagee, A., &Seedat, S. (2014). HIV-related stigma and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder and depression in HIV-infected individuals: does social support play a mediating or moderating role?.  AIDS care,  26(8), 947-951. doi:10.1080/09540121.2014.901486 Brown, M. J., Serovich, J. M., Kimberly, J. A., & Hu, J. (2016).Psychological reactance and HIV-related stigma among women living with HIV.  AIDS care,  28(6), 745-749. Doi:10.1080/09540121.2016.1147015 Campbell, C., & Foulis, C. (2004). Creating contexts for effective home-based care of people living with HIV/AIDS.  Curationis,  27(3), 5-14. Cohen, M. S., Chen, Y. Q., McCauley, M., Gamble, T., Hosseinipour, M. C., Kumarasamy, N., ...&Godbole, S. V. (2016). Antiretroviral therapy for the prevention of HIV-1 transmission.  New England Journal of Medicine,  375(9), 830-839. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1600693 Deeks, S. G., Lewin, S. R., &Havlir, D. V. (2013). The end of AIDS: HIV infection as a chronic disease.  The Lancet,  382(9903), 1525-1533. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61809-7 Earnshaw, V. A., Smith, L. R., Chaudoir, S. R., Amico, K. R., &Copenhaver, M. M. (2013). HIV stigma mechanisms and well-being among PLWH: a test of the HIV stigma framework.  AIDS and Behavior,  17(5), 1785-1795. doi:10.1007/s10461-013-0437-9 Emlet, C. A., Brennan, D. J., Brennenstuhl, S., Rueda, S., Hart, T. A., &Rourke, S. B. (2015). The impact of HIV-related stigma on older and younger adults living with HIV disease: does age matter?.  AIDS care,  27(4), 520-528. doi:10.1080/09540121.2014.978734 Hanson, M. A., Gluckman, P. D., & Godfrey, K. M. (2014).Developmental epigenetics and risks of later non-communicable disease.In  Hormones, Intrauterine Health and Programming  (pp. 175-183).Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-02591-9_12 Herek, G. M., Saha, S., &Burack, J. (2013). Stigma and psychological distress in people with HIV/AIDS.  Basic and Applied Social Psychology,  35(1), 41-54. doi: 10.1080/01973533.2012.746606 Insight Start Study Group. (2015). Initiation of antiretroviral therapy in early asymptomatic HIV infection.  N Engl J Med,  2015(373), 795-807. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1506816 Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS., & UNICEF. (2010).  Children and AIDS: Fifth Stocktaking Report, 2010. UNICEF. Katz, I. T., Ryu, A. E., Onuegbu, A. G., Psaros, C., Weiser, S. D., Bangsberg, D. R., & Tsai, A. C. (2013). Impact of HIV-related stigma on treatment adherence: systematic review and meta-synthesis.  Journal of the International AIDS Society,  16(3Suppl 2). doi:  10.7448/IAS.16.3.18640 Li, L., Liang, L. J., Lin, C., & Wu, Z. (2015).Addressing HIV stigma in protected medical settings.  AIDS care,  27(12), 1439-1442. doi: 10.1080/09540121.2015.1114990 Masur, H., Brooks, J. T., Benson, C. A., Holmes, K. K., Pau, A. K., & Kaplan, J. E. (2014). Prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: Updated Guidelines from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institutes of Health, and HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.  Clinical infectious diseases,  58(9), 1308-1311. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciu094 Matheson, G. O., Klà ¼gl, M., Engebretsen, L., Bendiksen, F., Blair, S. N., Bà ¶rjesson, M., ...& Khan, K. M. (2013). Prevention and management of non-communicable disease: the IOC consensus statement, Lausanne 2013.  Br J Sports Med,  47(16), 1003-1011. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2013-093034 Ngo, V. K., Rubinstein, A., Ganju, V., Kanellis, P., Loza, N., Rabadan-Diehl, C., &Daar, A. S. (2013). 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Effects Of Violence And Disease On The Kenyan Economy Research Paper

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New technologies effect on The Work Force - Essay Example In fact this contradictory attitude resides in all of us. While, at one hand, we wish for things to be easier, newer, faster i.e. changes in our immediate surroundings but on the other hand, we want to stick to the old, the familiar, to the routine -i.e. we resist change. It is because change forces us to leave our comfort zone for a zone of uncertainty and doubt. And this would mean that our self-image, self-confidence and our relationships with others and our selves would change. We might have felt very competent, confident, relaxed, self-assured in our work and surroundings, however technology might change this all for ever. We might feel less productive, creative; effective and our image of ourselves as a rock by the sea simply change into that of an insignificant pebble. Thus technology affects our psychological balance, which is the main reason behind the resistance shown by work force at work place when new technology is introduced. As technology takes place of much of human manual work, an individual's contact with the finished good is diminished. This results in feelings of alienation and un- satisfaction as individuals feel they have not accomplished much or they have not contributed significantly in the production of goods or in image creation of the company. They feel insignificant, unsuccessful and frustrated in their work places and towards technology. They suffer from feelings of resentment and frustration towards technology, which they see as their enemy who has "stolen" their jobs, their sense of pride, accomplishment and worthiness. And it doesn't end here, the fear, anxiety and apprehension is there to stay in their minds and in the ambience of the work place forever, as technology continues to advance unceasingly. ("Social Effects of Technology") This has been well explained by Kurt Lewin in his "change theory", which was further elaborated by Edgar Schein. It is also known as the "unfreezing-change-refreeze" theory, which explains why people reject new technology, or learning in a workplace, how companies should be prepared for this and how they should manage the whole change process so that change finally becomes the part of the system completely acceptable to everyone. (Wirth, 2004) The first stage is known as the "unfreezing" stage where people need to be motivated for change. This explains why people initially resist change and how they can be prepared for the change, nonetheless. He believed that the behavior pattern of human beings is based on what they have learned from past observations and from their surroundings or culture. Any change, for example technological change, means that either new element are added into these past or existing surroundings or some of the elements to removed from them forever. He, further, argued that people would only accept change on three conditions. The first situation is where there already exists dissatisfaction and resentment towards present conditions. This means that individuals are unable to derive their sense of pr

Human Resource Managment Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Human Resource Managment - Term Paper Example A distinctive capability that creates high value and differentiates an organization from its competition is a core competency. Human Resource Management policies help to define the approaches that are adopted in the organization both in developing employment practices and in implementing them; and constitute specific guidelines for managers, facilitating â€Å"empowerment, devolution and delegation† (Armstrong, 2006, p.147). Human resource or employment policies help to establish corporate values, shape corporate culture and provide frameworks to promote consistent and equitable decisions on the management of employees. To increase an organization’s competitive advantage, one of the important goals of human resource management in an organization is to promote employees’ motivation towards achieving increasing productivity. Similarly, changing the organization’s culture to one that is more empowering for employees, helps to attain organizational objectives. Thesis Statement: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the importance of Human Resource Management in helping an organization to achieve competitive advantage. HRM Strategies for Achieving Organizational Competitive Advantage Human Resource Management strategies are approaches that are adopted in the organization for both developing and implementing employment practices; they are based on policies or specific guidelines for managers facilitating â€Å"empowerment, devolution and delegation† (Armstrong 2006, p.147). Human resource strategies aim to establish corporate values, shape corporate culture and provide frameworks to promote consistent and equitable decisions on the management of employees. According to Burke and Cooper (2005), traditional views on competitive advantage focused on barriers to entry as â€Å"economies of scale, patent protection, access to capital, and regulated competition† (p.3). More recent perspectives have emphasized a different sour ce of competitive advantage, a company’s human resources and human capital. Organizations are confronted with new demands arising from increased competition, globalization, and technological advances. These phenomena make creativity, innovation, speed and flexibility vital for organizational efficiency. These assets are abstract, do not appear on a balance sheet, but exist in people and management systems. The role of human resource strategy to optimize organizational performance is being reconsidered. Rather than seeing the HR function as a cost, it should instead be seen as an investment, â€Å"a strategic lever for the organization in creating value† (Burke & Cooper, 2005, p.3). Thus, there is an increasing trend for human resources to be considered as the main differentiating factors contributing to a company’s competitive advantage. This underscores the belief that the knowledge and skills of employees is much more difficult to imitate, as compared to other resources. Thus, Human Resource Management believes employees to be valued assets, with the potential to ensure competitive advantage based on their commitment, adaptability and high quality skills. A study

How Nurses Can Improve Nutritional Safety Research Paper

How Nurses Can Improve Nutritional Safety - Research Paper Example Monitoring of Patients †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..11 v. Replacement Meals†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..12 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..13 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...14 Key Terms Standards: Refers to a level of quality against which performance can be measured. Protected Meal times: Described as protected uninterrupted time to focus on providing an environmen t conducive to eating, when there are no clinical interventions and all staff focus on people’s nutritional needs Screening: Refers to the process of identifying patients already malnourished or at the risk of becoming malnourished. Assessment: Refers to a more detailed process than screening where a range of specific methods are employed to identify and quantify impairment of. nutritional status. Nutritional needs or requirements: These are indispensable nutritional individual demands. Crockery: refers to tableware, eating and serving dishes collectively. Utensils: refers to implements for practical use; especially in a household. Introduction Nutrition and food experience are imperial to a patient. Not only is food essential for life and symbolizes a basic human right, but It is also a basis for extensive enjoyment, with vital social, religious and cultural roles all of which require deliberation within a health care unit. The provision of food and nutritional care in healt h care centers is a complex field of service and is the obligation of many members of the hospital team. This is a varied team that consists of the clinical staff: nurses, doctors, midwives, speech and language therapists, dieticians, domestic and catering health care assistants, and therapy assistants. For patients to get high quality service and get optimum benefit from food, all the members of the health care unit must work together and must â€Å"do their bit† in partnership with the caretakers. Nurses offer nursing services 24 hours a day, and for this reason, nurses are the only group in a health care center who have direct contact with the patient during meal times and any other time of the day. Therefore, nurses play an essential role in nutritional care and meal experience of the patients. Nurses have a broad obligation in a hospital. Their responsibilities include assessment planning, screening, serving, monitoring, practical assistance with drinking and eating and on occasion, preparation of food in the ward area. Nurses are answerable for their practice in the hospital in all facets of nutritional care, provision of food and drinks. Nurses should deliver services and care to the highest standard possible. Nurses and midwives in the United States are committed offering the best possible care and treatment to patients. As the health workers who spend most of the time with the patients, nurses have an enormous possibility to improve patient safety in relation to nutrition care, drinking and eating. This potency can only be realized by focusing on improving aspects of food, fluid and nutritional

Analysis of the Hospitality and Tourism Provision in Portsmouth Essay

Analysis of the Hospitality and Tourism Provision in Portsmouth - Essay Example the funding provided to the council was utilised for improving the notorious accident prone areas and a number of road junctions (The Berkeley Group, 2012). Approximately 31 cities and night time economy centres of the UK have been granted the Purple Flag status. These include, Bournemouth, Bristol, Leicester Square, and Winchester. Upon adopting this methodology for improving evening and night time offer, Gunwharf Quays can acquire the Purple Flag accreditation. In addition, it will be able to provide better and varied evening and night time fare for those who reside, work, study or visit Portsmouth (Shaping the Future of Portsmouth, 2013). As such, the Purple Flag accreditation informs visitors that there is vibrant, easy and safe access to evening entertainment. Moreover, it would provide businesses with a lucrative area to invest in. This accreditation emerged from the research project conducted by the Civic Trust. This project discerned that centres are used to a greater extent at night, only when they are accessible, safe and provide variety (Shaping the Future of Portsmouth, 2013). Moreover, the presence of a diverse clientele enhances perceptions. In this context, the Portsmouth Community Safety Survey 2012 demonstrated the presence of a substantial difference betwixt the perception of crime and anti-social behaviour, in comparison to the actual experience of such crime. Furthermore, the presence of a vast array of attractions and consumers results in long term economic viability and improved tourism (Shaping the Future of Portsmouth, 2013). A pragmatic and all inclusive audit of the evening and late night economy is provided by the Purple Flag accreditation process of the Association of Town Centre Managers. The evaluation is on the basis of certain specific criteria. Some of these are appeal or the wide variety of venues providing several different types of activity. Movement or the presence of safe, well managed and affordable public transport. Such

Chinese New Year Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Chinese New Year - Essay Example I hope you would not ask me how this system works because aside from possibly taking me more than 60 minutes of your time, I am sure that the explanation would all put you to sleep. The purpose of my narrative discourse is to illumine your thoughts on the disparity of how we normally celebrate Chinese New Year from what I have observed during my stay in the United States. This year, Chinese New Year was celebrated last January 23 and has been marked as the year of the Water Dragon. We believe that in preparation for the New Year, all family members must participate in the event by observing old traditions and practices. We believe that to bring in good luck, our family must take out all old and dirty things by cleaning every nook and corner of the house and to bring out bad luck during the previous year. We observe placing specific decorations that include posting popular characters or symbols such as Luck, Money, Wealth, Happiness, Prosperity or Health on a diamond-shape red paper a nd paste them on the doors, windows, and money safety boxes. The best thing I enjoy during Chinese New Year is the dishes that are prepared for the celebration. There are also specific meanings for the foods that are prepared. For example, mother cooks meat dumplings for good luck; sweet rice cakes for more wealth every year; fish for plenty; vegetables with long noodles for long life; chicken for wealth; soup means everything better than last year; and shrimp for abundance. We also ensure that specific fruits are on the dining table, also with distinct meanings: tangerines for good fortune; apples for peace; orange for money and wealth. I sometimes think that the Westerners’ preparation for a bowl of fruit cocktail would be better to attract prosperity and good luck. Another custom that we never forget is giving Hong Bao which is a red envelope that contains brand new money. Parents and grandparents give Hong Bao to children and relatives also to signify good luck and prospe rity. In China, there are festivities that include watching dragon dances and paying our respects to our ancestors through offering foods and incense. While in the United States, we still get to pay our respects through observing adherence to these customs and traditions. I actually miss waiting patiently in vigil for the coming of the New Year, especially in locations where it is welcomed through a magnificent display of fireworks. The value of adhering to old traditions could not be ignored as they form an important part of one’s life. The way we celebrate New Year in China could be significantly different from the way New Year celebration is practiced in the United States. The disparity was eminent in distinct practices of warding off bad luck through age old traditions of cleaning, preparing selected foods and fruits, and giving away tokens for good fortune. Despite the differences, I admit that where ever and how ever people celebrate New Year, the important thing we re alize is that it is a time to leave our bad practices and mistakes and learn to move on with steadfast determination to do good in words and actions towards our fellow men. After reminiscing, I realize that I am most fortunate to have the opportunity of celebrating two New Years’ festivities every single year - I must have been and would still be the recipient of double doses of prosperity and go

Software ownership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Software ownership - Essay Example The university was the pillar of the research in terms of financing. In addition, it had agreed to license the software for use in the research by Cyprotex. It was also argued that if Cyprotex had the software’s copyright, the University would not have been obligated to issue a license. The High Court and Appeal Court, therefore, found the university guilty. The High Court judge ruled that there was a misinterpretation of how the software was to be used. The contract had restrictions regarding the use of the research for commercial purposes. On the other hand, the Appeal Court based its judgement on a side agreement between the University and Cyprotex. The court held that Cyprotex’s employee was indeed an agent the University. The judge, therefore, held that the university should have been the owner of the software’s copyright. It would then be appropriate to hold the university accountable because it reserves the copyright to the

Dove Evolution of brand Essay Example for Free

Dove Evolution of brand Essay In 2007, Unilever’s Dove was the world ‘s number-one â€Å"cleansing â€Å" brand in the health and beauty sector. Dove Competed in all categories like cleansing bars, body washes, hand washes, face care, hair care, deodorants, anti-perspirants, and body lotion.Their competitor are PG (Procter and Gamble’s) ivory, KAO’s Jergens, Beiersdorf’s Nivea. The first Dove Product â€Å"Beauty Bar† was launched in 1957 with campaignâ€Å" Dove Soap doesn’t dry your skin because it’s one-quarter cleansing cream†. Dove positioning their product to functionality superiority product. It’s can no longer be accepted because functionality meant different things in different categories Dove was tapped to become master brand in 2000, Dove entries in all personal categories and Dove become masterbrand. To build masterbrand needed to do something different. Dove do a process of exploratory market research, consultation with experts, conversation with women, and message testing led to â€Å" The Campaign for Real Beauty†. Now Dove success become masterbrand under the title of The Dove Campaign for Real Beauty. Dove success giving a single identity to the wide range health and beauty products. Dove also organizing for brand management to support this champaign. Read Also:  Ideas for an Exploratory Essay Question Analysis 1. What is brand in the definition of Dove ? Answer : Based on Merriam-Webster, Dove is a. a small wild bird that is related to pigeons b. a gentle woman or child c. a person who does not want war and does want peace Dove is a symbol for peace, love and honesty. Dove Brand definition is a soap that give you real beauty because its more gentle than another soap so it would not dry out your skin the way soap did. So people does not worries about dry skin if used it because it was not technically soap at all. It is milder than soap-based bars. 2. What does Dove’s market positioning in the 1950s? What is its positioning in 2007? Answer : In 1950’s The first Dove product, called a beauty bar was launched in 1957. It was positioned upon its function as a superior product that doesn’t dry out the skin the way soap did. It was marketed through a mix of marketing communication tools like the Television, print media and bill boards. The advertising message was â€Å"Dove soap doesn’t dry your skin because its one-quarter cleansing cream† which was illustrated with photographs that showed cream being poured into a tablet. The advertising aspired to project honesty and authenticity, preferring to have natural looking women testifying to Dove’s benefits rather than stylized fashion models. In 2007 Dove become a Masterbrand, its name is used for all beauty bar category in Unilever, such as deodorants, hair care products, facial cleansers, body lotions, and hair styling products. The old positioning of Dove is focus on functional superiority and it can no longer be accepted because functionality meant different things in different categories. After a process of exploratory market research, consultation with experts, conversation with women, the positioning of Dove is â€Å"The campaign for Real Beauty†. The campaign begin with using ordinary people in supermodel contexts and for books of nudes featuring plain-looking models. The result was the so-called Tick-Box campaign. In this campaign, billboards were erected and viewers were asked to phone 1-888-342-DOVE to vote on whether a woman on the billboard was â€Å"outsized† or â€Å"outstanding.† The next campaign  were known internally as the Firming campaign because they promoted a cream that firmed the skin. They featured six â€Å"real† women cheerfully posing in plain white underwear. The company wanted the ads to â€Å"change the way society views beauty† and â€Å"provoke discussion and debate about real beauty.† The next step in the campaign was particularly controversial. At a Dove leadership team offsite meeting, an effort was made to engage executives in the idea behind The â€Å"Campaign for Real Beauty† by filming their own daughters discussing their self-esteem challenges. Stage four of the Real Beauty campaign involved not an advertisement, but a film. The resulting digital film was known as â€Å"Evolution†. Given its unusual length, television was not an option, and in October 2006 the film was posted to YouTube and within three months, it had been viewed three million times. 3. How did Unilever organize to do product category management and brand management in unilever before 2000? What was the corresponding structure after 2000? How was brand meaning controlled before 2000 and how is it controlled at the time of the case? Answer : Before 2000, within a product category the firm often offered multiple brands, each led by a brand manager. In effect, each brand operated as a separate business, competing with its siblings as well as the products of other firms. A staff of brand assistants executed the policies of the brand manager. Each brand manager was charged with the responsibilities of a general manager in relation to the brand, including design of strategy, delivery of profit targets, and power over many of day-to-day marketing decisions such as advertising and target promotions that were needed to achieve profitability. In 2000, Unilever began to split responsibilty for a brand between two groups, one charged with development of the brand and the other charged with building the brands in specific markets. Brand Development was centralized and global in scope. Brand Building was decentralized according to the major geographic regions in which Unilever operated. Before 2000, brand meaning controlled by Brand Manager, but at the time of case brand meaning idea is created by Brand Development but bringing to life by Brand Building. 4. Spend a little time searching blogs, using Google search, and any social media, to get a sense of what people saying about Dove today. What does this discussion contribute to the meaning of the brand? Facebook Dove Indonesia have 23.027.326 Fans Followers Dove Indonesia : 19.4K Yes, people is feel the real beauty of themselves by using Dove. Dove makes the Real Beauty. Recommendation In the Future dove must be have line extension product such as cosmetic product, to enlarge their category product, but must have same positioning with their campaign â€Å" For Real Beauty† The position must be stand for a point of view Dove can enlarge their business to retail shop (cosmetic shop) to sell all dove product and communicated their brand. To organize Brand Management, Dove under Unilever must maintain split responsibility between Brand Manager and Brand Development.

Born in East LA Essay Example for Free

Born in East LA Essay What do see when you take a look at a Latino? Do you notice what they are wearing? Or how they walk? Or maybe you just jump into a conclusion and stereotype him/her as an illegal immigrant. Throughout the years Latinos have faced many challenges because of their skin color, the way they dress, or because of the way they talk. Many films have shown Latinos as illegal immigrants to show us how the world views them, but a specific film â€Å"Born in East L. A† shows us how even though a Latino can be an American Citizen they still face many racist stereotypes. Even though a Latinos parents or grandparents have immigrated into the United States years ago and have permanent residency in the United States, they can still face push and pull factors that can motivate them to either go back to their country of origin or motivate them into staying in the United States. In this paper I will show how Born in East L. A represents Latinos as illegal immigrants through the techniques of stereotyping, immigration, and push/pull factors. Born in East L.  A shows us the story of a Chicano named Rudy (Cheech Marin) is deported after being caught in a police raid at toy factory while looking for his cousin. Because of the police raid Rudy is caught and is deported to Mexico even though he is an American citizen. Rudy tries to explain to the police that he is an American citizen but when is asked to show proof of citizenship he figures out that he does not have his wallet and is forced to stay in Mexico. Even though Rudy is an American citizen but is of Mexican descent, he is stereotyped as an illegal immigrant because of his accent and because of the way he looks. One particular scene in the movie that shows massive stereotyping about Latinos is the scene where the French woman appears walking through the city and is gazed upon all the Latino men. This is an example of stereotyping because the woman represents the sexual desire for a white woman by Latino men (Lizzberry). The woman is being tracked across the city to represent how Latinos chase the American dream and how badly they desire the need to assimilate in America (Lizzberry). Another scene from the film that depicts stereotypes is the scene in which the INS officers raid a toy factory and quickly assume that all the Mexicans working in the factory are illegal. The film shows this stereotype by labeling the INS officers â€Å"La Migra† which is Spanish for immigration officers, and all the workers begin to run out the factory trying to avoid being caught and deported. From that particular scene the audience can already assume that everyone that was working in the toy factory was an illegal immigrant because all the workers were being show cased as illegals because they began to run away from the INS officers. In America immigration has become a major problem over the years causing many states to create their own immigration laws which do not allow illegal immigrants to have jobs, own a house, or own a car without proper documentation. In Born in East L. A we are shown how Mexican immigrants continue to try to cross over the border to the United States by having them run across a hill and avoiding the border patrol agents. The role of immigrants in this movie was to portray how Latinos are being classified as illegal immigrants throughout America because of their skin color and background. Towards the finale of the film Rudy gathers a group of illegal immigrants to help him cross the border by having them all rush down the hills in large groups which end up scaring off the border patrol agents allowing Rudy and the other people to safely cross the border (Fregoso 61) Even though Latinos cross the border into America they still face many challenges that can push them back towards their home countries. One factor that pushes Latinos back in the film is how the film showcases Rudy and all his attempts to try to cross over to the United States but fails many times. By showcasing this people can see why many immigrants suffer to try to cross the border on a daily basis. Even though it is hard to cross the border into America, many immigrants still try to do so because they are being pulled in by the opportunities that await them in America. Another factor that pulls Latinos into this country is the chance to get ahead in society; many immigrants come to America for a better education and high paying jobs that they couldn’t receive back in their countries. In the film we are shown how Rudy is forced to cross over south of the border to Mexico thus showing us how hard it is to cross the border (Fregoso 67). Throughout the movie we are being showed many stereotypes that fall into the Latino category such as being called an illegal immigrant. We are also being showed how immigration can cause Latinos to be deported because of their skin color and we also see how different push/pull factors affect the Latinos. From the film we can tell that many Latinos want to come to America ecause of job opportunities that the Anglos offer because they always end up losing workers because of INS raids. Because of the raids company owners are forced to quickly hire workers who can work at low wages so they are forced to hire Latinos because they view the Latinos as illegal immigrants seeking quick employment for mostly any rate of pay. Since many job opportunities open up for the Latinos they keep crossing over the border on a daily basis to pursue the American Dream and to better their lives.

The Benefits of Marriage to Society

The Benefits of Marriage to Society Cheng Jiang (Fiona) Martin Behr A marriage is the relationship between two people who are willing to share life together in the future under a legal contract. Marriage is good for the couple, and it also provides the optimal conditions for bearing and raising children. However, nowadays, more and more people start to question the necessity of getting married because they believe that they dont need to get married to share life with others and they also enjoy their lifestyle. Thus, the numbers of single and cohabiting families has increased now in the society. This is because some people believe that marriage is personal. Nevertheless, marriage is the bedrock of society. Therefore, it is necessary for adults to get married for a society to remain strong because marriage helps children become more successful, creates healthy citizens, and contributes positively to the economy. First of all, in order to keep the society strong, adults should get married because marriage enhances childrens wellbeing and development. In other words, children who grow up in a two-parent family are more likely to achieve excellence in the future. In fact, children grown up with their married parents perform better in many ways. Specifically, they have greater physical, cognitive, and emotional achievements than children who grow up in other family forms. (Ribar 12). It is clear that marriage contributes to childrens future development since children who grow up in a stable family do better than others. Some people argue that it is normal for children to live with their cohabiting parents in todays society and they are able to promote health and development. According to Wendy D. Manning, stable cohabiting families with two biological parents seem to offer many of the same health, cognitive, and behavioral benefits that stable married biological parent families provide, (Manning 51). The opponents idea is clear; however, they ignore the fact that cohabiting families tend to be very unstable and the family instability harms children in many ways. In fact, almost 50 percent of cohabiting couple will end relationship and separate while their children are young. And some of them will start new relationships and have other children later (McLanahan and Sawhill 3). Clearly, it shows that cohabiting families are not very stable. Cohabiting couples estimated to have higher possibility that they will separate from each other compare with married couples. More importantly, the instability tends to have great negative effects on children wellbeing. For example, living in an unstable family is greatly related to childrens poor future performances. Children who live in cohabiting families tend to see their parents separate more frequently than married families, which cause them to have long-term mental problems (Manning 51). This clear shows that childrens healthy deve lopment is greatly affected by their family stability. In other words, marriage provides a more stable family for children, which reduces the risks of children being raised in an unstable environment. Therefore, marriage benefits childrens wellbeing. The positive effect of marriage for childrens well-being is clear, but more importantly, marriage helps society to create healthier citizens. Some people argue that marriage cannot create healthier citizens because married people more likely to be obese, which is not related to health. Based on a study done by CDC, married people have higher chance of becoming obese. To be more specific, the percent of married men who have greater possibility of becoming obese after getting married is up to 20, compared with single men (Oliwenstein 37). The opponents point is clear; nevertheless, it is deficient as it overlooks the benefits of marriage towards peoples health. For example, married people are healthier because they are less likely to have serious health problems like cancers. Based on research done by U.S. cancer centers by analyzing the medical records of 734,889 patients who were suffered from one of the 10 most common and deadliest forms of cancer between 2004 and 2008, the numbers of singles who have higher risks of suffering from metastatic cancer is up to 17 percent, which could spread from one organ to another, and 53 percent have lower possibility to receive the best therapy (Lunau 50). This demonstrates that married people are healthier in a way that they have lower risks of having serious cancers. Moreover, according to a 2013 study published in Annals of Behavioral Medicine, Peter Martin, a professor who works at human department and family studies at Iowa State University, and his co-author found that unmarried people have twice the risk of dying early compared with married people (Sifferlin 94). It clearly shows that marriage has significant benefits on peoples health, which reduces the risks of having serious diseases and improves longevity. Therefore, marriage creates healthy citizens, which allows society to remain strong. Despite the benefits to children and health, some opponents argue that getting married cannot strengthen the society because compared to singles, married people contribute less to economy. This is because singles tend to have higher purchasing power than married people. Single people are more likely to eat out, exercise in gyms, take classes, attend public events and volunteer than married people says Eric Klinenberg, an American sociologist who teaches at New York University, Single people fuel the economy and spend more discretionary dollars than those who live with a partner or have children (Klinenberg 128). It is clear that single people spend more money on their personal interests since they dont have to worry about their partner. The opponents idea may be true, but it is insufficient as it overlooks the benefit of marriage towards the economy. This is because economy is not just about its purchasing power. For example, married people contribute more to economy because they typ ically have higher level of household income. Based on a report done by an economist named Adam Thomas and Isabel Sawhill, a senior editor of Future of Children, in 2003, single mother and cohabiting families had 37 and 61 percent of the salaries of married-people households (Ribar 17). This clearly shows that married people have more stable and high-paying jobs, which contributes to economic growth. Moreover, the economic level of married people is higher than others. In Why Marriage Matters for Child Wellbeing, David C. Ribar points out, married-parent households have more financial assets and are wealthier than other types of households, and that lone mothers and cohabiting parents have substantially fewer assets than other households. (Ribar 18). Clearly, it demonstrates that married couples enjoy relatively better quality of life, which they are wealthier than others. Since married people have better economic conditions, it helps them have less reliance on the social welfare sy stem. Thus, the society will remain stable and continue to thrive. To conclude, it is apparent that marriage keeps society strong because it helps children become more successful, improves peoples health, and contributes more to the economy. Since the number of singles in society is likely to increase, some governments make several policies that aim to encourage citizens to get married. For example, married people benefit from lower taxes; some developed countries even reward women who have children. Marriage, which means love, trust, and responsibility, provides society with more chances to be strengthened. Works Cited Klinenberg, Eric. The Solo Economy. Fortune, vol. 165, no. 2, 2012, pp. 128. EBSCOhost, http://eds.a.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?sid=13ca4457-4c07-492e-a882-fe9db800f4d3%40sessionmgr4007vid=3hid=4205bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#db=edsgaoAN=edsgcl.289999315. Accessed 15 Mar. 2017. Lunau, Kate. The New Science of Marriage. Macleans, vol. 127, no. 1, 13 Jan. 2014, pp. 50-54. EBSCOhost, http://eds.a.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?vid=25sid=6235a22d-4e8d-4f0b-b3a2-8d64ac4891c1%40sessionmgr4008hid=4205bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#AN=edsgcl.355776544db=edsgao. Accessed 12 Mar. 2017. Manning, Wendy D. Cohabitation and Child Wellbeing. Future of Children, vol. 25, no. 2, Fall 2015, pp. 51-66. EBSCOhost, http://eds.b.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?sid=8ab1800e-fc77-405d-acce-19343592f954%40sessionmgr104vid=0hid=119bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#AN=110372682db=a9h. Accessed 12 Mar. 2017. Mclanahan, Sara and Isabel Sawhill. Marriage and Child Wellbeing Revisited: Introducing theIssue. Future of Children, vol. 25, no. 2, 01 Sept. 2015, pp. 3-9. EBSCOhost, http://eds.a.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?sid=97622ac3-4e4c-43a9-bf3b-46f49d771eb9%40sessionmgr4009vid=0hid=4205bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#db=ericAN=EJ1079423. Accessed 15 Mar. 2017. Oliwenstein, Lori. Please Marry Me. Time International (Atlantic Edition), vol. 171, no. 5, 04Feb. 2008, pp. 35-37. EBSCOhost, http://eds.a.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/[emailprotected]vid=7hid=4205bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ==#AN=28801786db=bth. Accessed 15 Mar. 2017. Ribar, David C. Why Marriage Matters for Child Wellbeing. Future of Children, vol. 25, no. 2, 01 Sept. 2015, pp. 11-23. EBSCOhost, http://eds.b.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?vid=3sid=8501e7f3-73a0-4131-b5ee-1266448f8b8a%40sessionmgr101hid=119bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#db=ericAN=EJ1079374. Accessed 15 Mar. 2017. Sifferlin, Alexandra. Do Married People Really Live Longer? Time, vol. 185, no. 6/7, 23 Feb.2015, pp. 94-96. EBSCOhost, http://eds.a.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?sid=a49fd131-9df8-4882-8287-2a644df82302%40sessionmgr4006vid=0hid=4205bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#AN=100945413db=a9h. Accessed 12 Mar. 2017.